Wednesday, October 31. 2007
"Happy Halloween, you bunch of freaks." Sippican. Final quote: While they sleep the deep, comforting sleep of the weary and contented child, I will steal their candy.
As for me, for once I think I will take my everyday mask off my face tonight, and go trick-or-treating for cold beers.
 [I attended the Patriots press conference at "Sullivan Stadium On Steroids" in Foxborough Mass this week. I made a transcript of the proceedings, as best as I could remember them. They may be a little off here and there -- just a jot or tittle-- but this is the gist of it.] Bill Belichick: I have some opening remarks if that's all right with you sportswriters. If it's not, I won't, because you are, of course, the sworn representatives of our fans by virtue of being in a print union and waiting for the last guy who did it to die of cirrhosis; so I defer to your judgement. Sportswriters, in unision: Go ahead, you duplicitous pondscum. BB: Thanks, and apologies to any pondscum or associated bacterium that are rightfully offended to be compared to me by you tribunes of accuracy. I realize now, looking at you legions of dumpy middle-aged men, and women with big feet, that you're glaring at me because I'm dressed in a sweatshirt. You reasonably assume that I'm mocking you because it's nearly as casual as the white socks and mandals, front-butt cargo pants, and ill-fitting Hawaiian shirts with barbeque sauce dribbled down the front that you all wear all the time. It was not my intention to ruin your lives by wearing a simple hooded drawstring tunic, so from here on in, I'll be wrapped completely in duct tape, and Mr. Kraft has generously allowed me to set aside time from the Novenas I'm required to say for all the other teams to allow all you sportwriters to pull the tape off me at midfield, with a whipsaw motion, while you're all judging just how evil my post-game handshake is. I will now field questions. Reporter: What steps have you taken to ensure that your team stops scoring points? BB: Of course I apologize for scoring points against our opponents. It's unseemly. I tried putting both our second and third string quarterbacks into the games, but unfortunately the second string quarterback accidentally scored. I benched him for having the effrontery to score points during a football game, and luckily Matt Gutierrez tripped on one of the legs on the easy chair Redskins' Defensive Lineman Phillip Daniels had dragged out onto the field to sit in, and was unable to score. Reporter: That doesn't answer my question, you rude jerk. What are you doing to avoid scoring points going forward? You jerk.
Continue reading "Belichick Pledges Ritual Suicide If Pats Win By More Than 2-0"
From a student "training" document at the University of Delaware, as quoted in a piece at Thompson:
... “[a] racist is one who is both privileged and socialized on the basis of race by a white supremacist (racist) system. The term applies to all white people (i.e., people of European descent) living in the United States, regardless of class, gender, religion, culture or sexuality.”
I guess that means that my skin tone determines my character and my moral fate. That sounds a teeny bit racist to me. Photo: A typical "white people" cocktail party last week in leafy, sophisticated Wellesley, MA
Feldman at American Thinker, quoting a piece by Poe: In it, Hillary declared, "We are... putting together a network in the blogosphere". She attributed its success to the efforts of "institutions that I helped to start and support like Media Matters and Center for American Progress..." With these words, Hillary confessed to a federal crime. Both groups are supposedly "non-partisan", 501(c)3 tax-free organizations, strictly prohibited from coordinating efforts with a national political candidate such as Hillary.
The Feldman piece here. The Poe piece here. (thanks, H)
I hate the use of the word 'public' as a synonym for 'government'. The government is the government and the public is what is not the government. As quoted from Leon Louw at Samizdata
Last night, my wife and I we were talking. I said to her, "I never want to live in a vegetative state, dependent on some machine and fluids from a bottle. If that ever happens, just pull the plug."
She got up, unplugged my computer, and threw out my wine.
 1. Fine: This is the word women use to end an argument when they are right and you need to shut up. 2. Five Minutes: If she is getting dressed, this means a half an hour. Five minutes is only five minutes if you have just been given five more minutes to watch the game before helping around the house. 3. Nothing: This is the calm before the storm. This means something, and you should be on your toes. Arguments that begin with nothing usually end in "fine". 4. Go Ahead: This is a dare, not permission. Don't Do It! 5. Loud Sigh: This is actually a word, but is a non-verbal statement often misunderstood by men. A loud sigh means she thinks you are an idiot and wonders why she is wasting her time standing here and arguing with you about nothing. (Refer back to #3 for the meaning of nothing.) 6. That's Okay: This is one of the most dangerous statements a women can make to a man. That okay means she wants to think long and hard before deciding how and when you will pay for your mistake. 7. Thanks: A woman is thanking you, do not question, or Faint. Just say you're welcome. 8. Whatever: Is a women's way of saying F@!K YOU! 9. Don't worry about it, I got it: Another dangerous statement, meaning this is something that a woman has told a man to do several times, but is now doing it herself. This will later result in a man asking "What's wrong?" For the woman's response refer to #3.
How AIDS got to the US. Reuters
The Illustrated Road to Serfdom Dogs and the moral confusion of animal rights. Classical Demon Corn. Corn? Iraq's endangered Christians. Arrogantly titled "The Board," the NYT's new blog by its editorial staff is predictably condescending, and the entries are anonymous. It ain't Opinion Journal. The Globe believes that the Moonbats won the Cold War. Edwards: Full snake mode. He wants a New Deal. A report from the Dem debate, by Riehl. A quote: So I watched the Democrat debate tonight in its entirety, just taking it in. Is there an industry they wouldn't attack? From Hedge Funds, Defense, the Airlines, Insurance companies and, of course, the Oil Companies, it seems they all have investigations, regulations, or some restrictions in mind, assuming they flat out don't just want to do away with it completely? Not once did I hear anything even remotely referencing the individual and certainly nothing that might challenge one. Apparently people can't become Doctors ... unless the government pays their tuition - and the trend discussed was free college for all at the government's expense. I mean, why should people be expected to invest in such a thing themselves? And they seem to be advocating having the State take charge of children as early as from two - four years-old. It's as if parenting should be relegated to a two-year proposition. Okay, you birthed the thing, we'll take it from here. Medical research? We don't need the Pharma's, just turn it over to the NIH, while increasing governmental education-based grants for research across the board. There seemed to be no room for a market-based dynamic in such things at all.
Americans are largely satisfied and optimistic about their personal lives, but pessimistic about their public institutions, says David Brooks in a NYT opinion. I am not sure that is necessarily a bad thing. A quote: Sixty-eight percent of Americans think the country is on the wrong track. Sixty-two percent think that when government runs something, it is usually inefficient and wasteful. Sixty percent think the next generation will be worse off than the current one. Americans today are more pessimistic about government’s ability to solve problems than they were in 1974 at the height of Watergate and the end of the Vietnam War. This happiness gap between the private and the public creates a treacherous political vortex. On the one hand, it means voters are desperate for change. On the other hand, they don’t want a change that will upset the lives they have built for themselves.
I have no doubt that the relentless negativity of the media contributes to that, but it still sounds like the America I know and love - people running their own lives as they see fit, and grumbling and suspicious about politics and the gummint. What would make me worry would be people loving their so-called public institutions.
Tuesday, October 30. 2007
We posted Bruce Thornton's fine piece in City Journal titled Fighting at a Disadvantage a while ago. I wish to correct his use of the concept of a "therapeutic sensibility" which makes excuses for Islamist war and terror. BT has probably never been in therapy: if he had been, he would know that finding excuses ain't part of it - nor is sympathetic hand-holding and commiseration. If you were in therapy with me, Mr. Thornton, you would find me pushing you towards your maximal degree of responsibility for your own fate and your own life. The notion that therapy entails making people feel good by the shrink allying themselves to the patient's weakest parts is way off. The best therapeutic sensibility is usually to be kind and respectful, and yet tough as nails, I believe, which is why many people cannot handle it. It can be like surgery without anesthesia. We therapists do not charge money for hugs: it is another, older profession which does that. I like everything else Thornton writes, however.
Cheap grace is the deadly enemy of our Church. We are fighting today for costly grace. Cheap grace means grace as a doctrine, a principle, a system. It means forgiveness of sins proclaimed as a general truth, the love of God taught as the Christian "conception" of God. 45
Cheap grace means the justification of sin without the justification of the sinner. Grace alone does everything they say, and so everything can remain as it was before. "All for sin could not atone." Well, then, let the Christian live like the rest of the world, let him model himself on the world’s standards in every sphere of life, and not presumptuously aspire to live a different life under grace from his old life under sin. That was the heresy of the enthusiasts, the Anabaptists and their kind…. 46
From The Cost of Discipleship. (Thanks, Dr. Bob, for the reminder)
The first NYT restaurant review, and the history of restaurants in America. Would I post it if it were not interesting? (h/t, Grow a Brain)
I am not being facetious. Law, like Medicine, is designed for the obsessional, exacting brain. For example, read noted corporate law prof Bainbridge on the subject of corporate social responsibility. Fun stuff. He takes issue with populist nonsense about corporate function.
A California doc with some good proposals for medical insurance, at Pajamas. Practical, and not scary for the poor. Got to listen to the docs in the trenches, not the pandering pols.
Five years for one manly punch? Something wrong there. Rudy: Hillarycare would have killed me. Surber NYS: A driver's license that labels you as illegal The world's oldest clam. Blue Crab. Yum - vintage clam. The new Cardinal of Baghdad. If global warming causes more rainfall, why try to blame droughts on it? Flopping. And yes, I am still waiting for more hurricanes. I love stormy weather. Mukesh's new billion dollar home. Gender and Science: Globe You're a good man, Brian Lamb
Monday, October 29. 2007
At the bird feeder today:
Blue Jay, Cardinal, Song Sparrow, Tree Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, WT Sparrow, House Finch, English Sparrow, Red Wing Blackbird (a bonded, loving pair - they are usually in flocks during migration), WB Nuthatch, Mourning Dove, SC Junco (first of the season), Goldfinch, BC Chickadee (in photo).
In response to the piece we linked at Protein about Robert Reich and the Left's age-old desire to steal wealth, I reply "Appreciate and thank the wealthy, and provide a safety net for the unfortunate."
We have written about poverty in America several times. The prosperous are a precious thing, and we have tons of them in America. The more, the better. I know that not everyone pursues prosperity: many pursue other goals instead. But the more wealthy people we have, the better. Wealthy people do not ask the government (meaning their neighbors) for stuff, they live independent lives, they donate time and money to charities, they tend to be civic-minded and grateful, they "ask not what America can do" for them, they educate their kids, they spend money and keep the retail economy rolling, they invest in businesses which grow and create jobs, etc etc. Without the estate tax, we would have many more wealthy in America than we have now. And if more people had good old Yankee thrift and the backbone to resist every temptation, we'd have even more wealthy people. Wealth is not the most important thing in life, but private assets are the foundation of being a Free Man or Woman. The goal of American policies should be to help create as many wealthy people and families as possible.
Coming up at dawn, battalion executive officer Major Odell M. Conoley first discovered the answer to our question: How many able-bodied Marines does it take to hold a hill against two regiments of motivated, combat-hardened infantrymen who have never known defeat? On a hill where the bodies were piled like cordwood, Mitchell Paige alone sat upright behind his 30-caliber Browning, waiting to see what the dawn would bring. One hill: one Marine.
Guadalcanal. Read the whole thing. h/t, Small Dead Pangolins
Your Halloween card here.
This place south of Corpus Christi looks nice.
American kids are dumber than dirt. Record numbers of Brits travelling abroad for medical treatment. Is the battle for Iraq over? Yes, says Reason El Baradai: "We are the eyes and the ears of the international community." No, they are a joke. Why Eleanor Roosevelt declined the invitation to run for President after FDR died. RTLC Get health care or we'll kill you. Viking. (Odd how it is that nowadays they say "health care" when they mean "insurance.") What if you're a Christian Scientist?
Sparrows are the mice of the bird world.
Flocks of sparrows are on the move to, and through, our corner of Yankeeland this week on the Atlantic Flyway. Except for our most common and most distinctive species, I have trouble identifying many of them in the field - even up close. The subject comes up because I IDed a Swamp Sparrow skulking in my raspberry brambles yesterday. One must admit that these are not particularly distinctive birds, except to the expert. Photo: A Swamp Sparrow, from this photographer's site.
Nationally, eight percent of all consumers are blog (readers or contributors)....
Details at Dr. X 8% who read a blog at least once a month is higher than I might have guessed. Who knows - maybe this blog thing will be more than a passing fad. Personally, I have always loved newspapers and magazines, and I don't see any difference with online content, other than the amateurism (in the best sense of the word) - and the alternative to the arrogant, monotonous and socialist (socialist except when it comes to salary negotiations and stock price) MSM. More on blogs, and the supposed "Top 100", at Gates. (No, we are not on that list: we haven't been fully "found" yet by all of the folks in the world who might find us life-enriching. But Tim Blair gave us a hand this weekend. Thanks, Tim.)
Racial hatred does not arise spontaneously. It is cultivated by political leaders seeking to use it for their own purposes. The divorce of white Southerners from the political leaders who kept them dependent on Democrats to continue segregation has changed an ugly socio-political dynamic dating back to the foundations of the United States. This does not mean that racism has been eliminated-far from it. But Bobby Jindal's election is the latest evidence of the transformation -- in a single generation -- of what had been the voting block of reaction and racism through all preceding American history. The Republican southern strategy has produced one of the greatest victories ever won for the cause of civil rights in America.
From Protein, on a piece by Robert Reich: Certainly, this isn’t about fairness in the tax code. Reich, Rangel, et al have no interest in “fairness”. What this is about is property rights and who ultimately gets to control them. What we have here are not “liberals” but statists who cover their envy of others’ success with sanctimonious socialism. Reich believes that people have no right to own more than 50% of their earnings and they must pay yearly rental to the government of their property. “Reich only wants to do this to ‘the rich’” you say? I don’t buy it. For one he disengenuously cites Eisenhower and JFK tax rates and skips Ronald Reagan. Facts about the tax code and tax rates of those eras and increased federal revenues as they changed and rates fell would belie his jealous hissy-fit. And that’s what this boils down to — envy, jealousy … the coveting of your neighbors success. It’s the excuse offered by the people who shoplift “hey, they’re rich, they won’t miss it and I wanted it.” Reich has the “morals” of a petty thief.
Read the whole thing.
Sunday, October 28. 2007
Hillary knew all about Bill's affairs. Duh. Jerry Ford had some thoughts about all that. I think Bill is an ordinary sociopath.
Meanwhile, terrorists say "Vote for Hillary." "Bled white" by 171 casualties, Brits pack it in. Buddy says this is the web's best business site. h/t, Flares. It is surely a fine news site. Bobby Jindal is too white? Or are his politics the wrong color? Why cities like Buffalo can never be what they once were. City Journal Courting natural disasters. Betsy. I believe that homeowner's insurance should cover the costs - including governmental costs.
We are. I like this one, but it might be overkill.
We believe that an unarmed home is a potentially dangerous place. As with fire insurance, you just hope you'll never need to use it.
"Shoot first" laws are growing in the US, making life tougher for bad guys. However, Bruce notes that some people would prefer being victims. I think that is the height of irresponsibility: protecting yourself and your family is the most basic duty in life.
There is a 16 billion pixel image of The Last Supper here, but I cannot get onto the site as yet. Story here.
World's hottest pepper. Harshest food critic ever, at The Onion. Bad language. How New Hampshire turned Blue. Opinion Journal Rufus would debate this: UN official warns of biofuels driving up cost of food worldwide Biochemist Arthur Kornberg dies at 89. Arthur Kornberg was born in Brooklyn on March 3, 1918. As a youth he helped out in his parents’ hardware store. He was only 15 when he entered the City College of New York. Dr. Kornberg earned a medical degree from the University of Rochester in 1941 and interned at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester. He applied for research training grants but failed to receive any, he said, because of anti-Semitism.
Kling on The Road to McMedicine. He quotes Shannon Brownlee's book: "Our relentless search for wellness through medicine has created a kind of therapeutic imperative, the urge to treat every complaint, every deviation from the norm, as a medical condition." --Shannon Brownlee, Overtreated, p. 206
Tom Lantos: Europeans more upset about Gitmo than they were about Auschwitz. True. You have to notice that critics say Gitmo symbolizes bad things - not that it is a bad thing. Confusing symbols with reality is insane.
Luke 18, 9-14 9To some who were confident of their own righteousness and looked down on everybody else, Jesus told this parable: 10"Two men went up to the temple to pray, one a Pharisee and the other a tax collector. 11The Pharisee stood up and prayed about himself: 'God, I thank you that I am not like other men—robbers, evildoers, adulterers—or even like this tax collector. 12 I fast twice a week and give a tenth of all I get.' 13"But the tax collector stood at a distance. He would not even look up to heaven, but beat his breast and said, 'God, have mercy on me, a sinner.' 14"I tell you that this man, rather than the other, went home justified before God. For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted."
Saturday, October 27. 2007
The road to the Total State:
...my view is that we in the west are already well on the way to a new form of post-modern totalitarian state (what Guy Herbert calls 'soft fascism') in which behaviour and opinions which are disapproved of by the political class are pathologised and then regulated by violence backed laws "for your own good'' or "for the children" or "for the environment".
Whole brief post at Sami. I agree. This is what governments always tend towards, and it must be resisted by proud, strong free men and women before we all become serfs of The State. If you think that is hyperbole, then just watch, say nothing, and do nothing. The "political class" isn't wise - it's crafty and smart, but fundamentally rendered insane by power. It is a governmental disease, akin to alcoholism, and it seems to be universal. Our Founders feared this, predicted it, and made valiant efforts to prevent it. People who renounce power over others too rarely go into government.
In Maine, last week. I should say "pa'tridge", not "grouse." In Maine, Ruffed Grouse are "partridge". In Canada, grouse are often referred to as "chickens." Hunting grouse is rough on one's legs. Famous soap opera star on the right.
Big sale at The Teaching Company. We love these people. Vive Capitalism, which can bring us an affordable education this way.
From Cheryl Miller's Claremont review of Edith Wharton by Hermione Lee (h/t, No Left Turns): Edith Wharton, the massive new biography by Oxford English professor Hermione Lee, is the story of success: how Lee's formidable heroine survived a painful childhood, a disastrous marriage, an only slightly less disastrous love affair, repeated bouts of depression and illness, and the German occupation. Through it all, Wharton remained unflappable. Just two months before her death, she paid a visit to a friend and collaborator, the architect Ogden Codman, to discuss a new edition of their The Decoration of Houses- (one of Wharton's 48 books). "Everyone was on jump all the time," Codman complained of his frail but nevertheless commanding guest. Only a few days after she arrived, Wharton suffered a heart attack. As she was carried into the ambulance, she admonished her host: "This will teach you not to ask decrepit old ladies to stay."
Read the whole thing. You can visit Wharton's recently-restored Berkshire home and gardens, "The Mount," in lovely and civilized Lenox, MA. Been there. It's not too far from Maggie's Farm. A friend helped raise the money for the restoration, and they did a good job with it. They duplicated her formal garden designs.
What are you doing today? Heavy rain here, so the Mrs. and I eschewed our usual Saturday morning horse fun and are making enough mincemeat for 8-12 pies, using Grandma Myers' recipe but doubling it and backing off on the sugar a bit: I do not care for an overly-sweet pie of any sort. I am adding dried cranberries and dried currants, and I am using Canada Goose and beef because I have no venison this year: it's been too warm to hang one, so it makes no sense to shoot one. I will age the mixture until close to Thanksgiving. I used rum in it last year, brandy this year. Also, to sip a little for a bracing brunch while cooking and chopping meat, suet, and apples. I am, at the same time, making my special beef bourguignon for dinner, so the kitchen smells of spices, molasses, raisins, vinegar, apples, wine, brandy, bacon, and cooking meat. The smell is a hearty meal in itself.
Interesting politics. Pajamas
When people talk about being guided by science, I get the creeps. It gives me the same sort of creeps that Utilitarianism does. It has overtones of "scientific socialism," for me, and Brave New World. "Science" is amoral. Facts are amoral. Pure reason is amoral. Prof. Deneen agrees.
15 people I do not wish to hear another word about. Kim
How cold weather spreads the flu. h/t Flares How Che met God. Classical Everybody has occasional lapses in judgement, but FEMA made a dumb one. Fred videos Megan McArdle's rant about school vouchers. h/t, Right Wing Prof Bush's inspiring speech about Cuba Putin saber-rattling. What for? Isn't it obvious at this point that we mean them no harm? Photo: Poodles can hunt. It isn't widely known that the breed originated in Germany, for duck hunting. They love marshes. The only problem with Poodles is that they are smarter than humans.
Sonnet 54
| O, how much more doth beauty beauteous seem | | By that sweet ornament which truth doth give! | | The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem | | For that sweet odour which doth in it live. | | The canker-blooms have full as deep a dye | | As the perfumed tincture of the roses, | | Hang on such thorns and play as wantonly | | When summer's breath their masked buds discloses: | | But, for their virtue only is their show, | | They live unwoo'd and unrespected fade, | | Die to themselves. Sweet roses do not so; | | Of their sweet deaths are sweetest odours made: | | And so of you, beauteous and lovely youth, | | When that shall fade, my verse distills your truth. |
Friday, October 26. 2007
This came in over the transom: Dispute between neighbors - this is a true story. A city councilman in Utah, Mark Easton, had a beautiful view of the east mountains, until a new neighbor purchased the lot below his house and built a new home. The new home was 18 inches higher than the ordinances would allow, so Mark Easton, mad about his lost view, went to the city to make sure they enforced the lower roof line ordinance. The new neighbor had to drop the roof line, at great expense. Recently, Mark Easton called the city, and informed them that his new neighbor had installed some vents on the side of his home. Mark didn't like the look of these vents and asked the city to investigate. When they went to Mark's home to see the vent view, this is what they found...

Editor: I think that's on the harsh side. I prefer this topiary effort to convey a gentle neighborly message:
New architects design without ego. It's about time. Hate speech and dumb speech, and plain dumb, at Thompson Summary of Al Qaida weakness. CSM San Diego fires vs. New Orleans floods: Protein I hope this is not true: We did not kill Bin Laden Funny: NYT bashes Commentary for nepotism. Also, is the NYT for sale? I doubt it. Food price controls in Russia Joe Klein negative about Bush Iraq leadership, despite progress. Similar despair at Moderate Voice. Related: Hollywood's war on the war on terror. Driscoll Opinion Journal on Charlie Rangel's Trillion Dollar Baby. More at Blue Crab The gap between rich and poor - very small, in Cuba

We missed this piece from Vanderleun, which begins: The Asheville, North Carolina restaurant was one of those common to our post-post-modern world. Open and airy with a wall of windows framing hanging plants. Casual to the point of paper napkins. Sporting a list of local beers and -- surprise -- local wines. Tarted up with the kind of overtly ironic art on the walls where the painter has one statement and one image in his repertoire and repeats it ad nauseam. This time it seemed that the sensibility being trotted out was one of Hieronymous Bosch meets Hello Kitty.
Read the whole amusing thing, then go to Dr. Bob who noted the above piece, for his links on medicine - and rock and roll.
Moral dilemmas and counterinsurgency in Israel. TigerHawk
Is Mark Zuckerberg the next Bill Gates? The Italian government uneasy about the internet. Why? And how many other governments want to control the flow of ideas and facts? In my opinion, any government that wants to do that is illegitimate, by definition. The Al Qaida video game. Meanwhile, Bin Laden declares war against the UN "occupation" of Darfur. And amusingly, terrorists turn angry with Bin Laden. Such things happen when people are losing. Sir Piers at Agincourt, plus some other tough Brits The obesity crisis in squirrels. A Government program is needed. Who are the arsonists? Flopping Rude leftists shut down Horowitz speech at Emory. Thus are their intolerant and totalitarian impulses revealed. Jules says "The Army is at war, and Tom Friedman goes to Neiman Marcus." "Double reverse chicken hawk"? Photo: It's finally hunting season again. Long-time readers of Maggie's know that she is the famous Maid of the Marsh, a lovely and elusive mythical creature known only to duck hunters, and seen only on foggy days by hunters with serious hangovers combined with mental instability. We were fortunate to catch this photo, which is clearer than most photos of Bigfoot.
Thursday, October 25. 2007
October has been a very good month for new Maggie's readers. A fine harvest of new friends, whether you agree with us about things or not.
A hearty welcome to all of you in the US, Canada, the UK, Australia, and the rest of the world. We are pleased and honored to have you all as visitors. Please sample some of our "recent essays" on the upper left column - we only post "thought pieces" there - not that we are really capable of orderly thought: we do our best, with limited time, limited IQ, not to mention our neanderthal lack of intellectual sophistication. We are simple country bumpkins, recently fallen off the turnip wagon, who aspire only to Common Sense - and a few other things. And don't forget to send us around to all of your friends and enemies. They should not feel left out. Image: Autumn, by Currier and Ives, 1871
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